{ "name": "AI Policy Radar", "publisher": "Green Diplomat", "description": "Climate laws and carbon-pricing instruments classified by legal stage; every record cites the document it was checked against and the date of that check.", "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "citation": "Green Diplomat (2026). AI Policy Radar: a verified tracker of climate laws by legal stage. https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/ (accessed 4 October 2026).", "generated": "2026-10-04T23:23:19+00:00", "count": 31, "fields": { "record_id": "Stable identifier of the record (also the end of its web address).", "jurisdiction": "Country or sub-national jurisdiction that adopted the instrument.", "iso3": "ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code of the country.", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system, carbon tax, framework law, target law, crediting mechanism, energy-transition law, disclosure / MRV rule.", "legal_stage": "In force · Enacted, not yet in force · In rulemaking · Proposed / announced · No binding instrument.", "stage_date": "Date the instrument reached its current stage (YYYY, YYYY-MM or YYYY-MM-DD, as precise as the source allows).", "legal_reference": "Act, decree or gazette reference.", "coverage": "Sectors, entities or share of emissions covered, as stated by the source.", "what_to_watch": "The next decision, deadline or review named by the source.", "source_name": "Publisher of the document the record was checked against.", "source_url": "Address of that document.", "source_type": "“official” (law, gazette, government or regulator) or “reference” (a recognised compilation such as ICAP).", "btr_status": "Indicative status for Biennial Transparency Reports: planned, adopted or implemented (see Standards).", "last_verified": "Date the record was last checked against its source.", "legal_journey": "Dated milestones (proposed, enacted, rulemaking, in force, later milestone), each with its own source. JSON and journeys.csv only." }, "records": [ { "record_id": "br-sbce", "jurisdiction": "Brazil", "iso3": "BRA", "country": "Brazil", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In rulemaking", "stage_date": "2024-12-12", "legal_reference": "Law No. 15,042 of 11 December 2024 (DOU 12 Dec 2024); Decree No. 12,677/2025", "coverage": "Statutory thresholds: monitoring and reporting at 10,000 tCO2e/year; compliance obligations at 25,000 tCO2e/year", "summary": "Law No. 15,042/2024 created Brazil's regulated emissions trading system, the SBCE, with phased implementation that starts with regulation-making by the government. As of mid-2026 the government was consulting on sector coverage and setting up governance bodies; compliance obligations have not yet started.", "what_to_watch": "According to ICAP, a public consultation on sector coverage was scheduled for July 2026, with final coverage and the remaining secondary regulations targeted for the end of 2026 and full operation for 2031. Brazil joined ICAP as its 36th member in February 2026.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/brazilian-greenhouse-gas-emissions-trading-system", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "adopted", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Americas", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/br-sbce/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2023-10-04", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Senate Environment Committee approves carbon market bill PL 412/2022", "source_url": "https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/151967" }, { "date": "2024-11-13", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Senate plenary approves revised carbon market bill (PL 182/2024)", "source_url": "https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2024/11/13/apos-muito-debate-senado-aprova-projeto-que-regula-mercado-de-carbono" }, { "date": "2024-12-11", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Law No. 15,042 signed, creating the SBCE", "source_url": "https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2023-2026/2024/lei/l15042.htm" }, { "date": "2024-12-12", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Law published and in force, opening a one-to-two-year regulation phase", "source_url": "https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2023-2026/2024/lei/l15042.htm" }, { "date": "2025-10-16", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Decree 12,677 creates a Finance Ministry secretariat to draft SBCE regulations", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/brazil-establishes-interim-carbon-market-secretariat-advance-implementation-national-ets" }, { "date": "2026-05", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Sector coverage proposal presented; resolutions set up SBCE advisory working groups", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/brazil-advances-ets-scope-and-governance" } ] }, { "record_id": "us-ca-cap-and-invest", "jurisdiction": "California (United States)", "iso3": "USA", "country": "United States", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2013-01-01", "legal_reference": "Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32); AB 398 (2017); AB 1207 and SB 840 (2025); CARB Cap-and-Invest Regulation", "coverage": "About 76% of state GHG emissions (power, industry, transport and building fuels, among others)", "summary": "California's cap-and-trade program, now called Cap-and-Invest, has imposed compliance obligations since January 2013 and puts a carbon price on about 76% of state greenhouse gas emissions. Legislation adopted in September 2025 extended the program through 2045, and the Air Resources Board adopted implementing amendments on 29 May 2026, effective 1 September 2026.", "what_to_watch": "Linkage with Washington's program under the agreement signed on 25 June 2026, which requires positive linkage findings by the Governor and a CARB rulemaking; the jurisdictions expect a linked market to begin operating in 2027.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/usa-california-cap-and-trade-program", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Americas", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/us-ca-cap-and-invest/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2006-09-27", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32) signed by the Governor", "source_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=200520060AB32" }, { "date": "2012-01-01", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Air Resources Board cap-and-trade rules take legal effect", "source_url": "https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/ab-32-global-warming-solutions-act-2006" }, { "date": "2013-01-01", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Cap-and-trade compliance obligations begin under a declining emissions cap", "source_url": "https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/ab-32-global-warming-solutions-act-2006" }, { "date": "2014-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Program formally linked with Quebec's cap-and-trade system", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/usa-california-cap-and-invest-program" }, { "date": "2025-09-19", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "AB 1207 signed, extending the program through 2045 as Cap-and-Invest", "source_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1207" }, { "date": "2026-05-29", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Air Resources Board adopts amendments setting budgets to 2045; in force 1 September 2026", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/california-air-resources-board-adopts-regulatory-updates-cap-and-invest-program" } ] }, { "record_id": "ca-net-zero-act", "jurisdiction": "Canada", "iso3": "CAN", "country": "Canada", "instrument_type": "Net-zero / target law", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2021-06-29", "legal_reference": "Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act, S.C. 2021, c. 22", "coverage": "Economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions", "summary": "Canada's Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act became law on 29 June 2021 and sets a legislated national target of net-zero emissions by 2050. It requires milestone targets for 2030, 2035, 2040 and 2045, emissions reduction plans, progress and assessment reports, and independent advice and review.", "what_to_watch": "Progress and assessment reporting against the 2030 target, the emissions reduction plan for 2035, and the setting of the 2040 target ten years ahead of that milestone.", "source_name": "Justice Laws Website (Government of Canada)", "source_url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-19.3/page-1.html", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Americas", "topics": [ "Climate Law", "Net Zero" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/ca-net-zero-act/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2020-11-19", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Bill C-12 introduced in the House of Commons", "source_url": "https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2021/bdp-lop/ls/YM32-3-432-C12-eng.pdf" }, { "date": "2021-06-29", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Royal Assent; Act in force, legislating net-zero emissions by 2050", "source_url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-19.3/page-1.html" }, { "date": "2022-03-29", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "First emissions reduction plan under the Act (2030 plan) released", "source_url": "https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2022/03/29/delivering-clean-air-and-strong-economy-canadians" }, { "date": "2024-12-12", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "2035 target of 45-50% below 2005 levels announced, as the Act requires", "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2025/02/cutting-pollution-and-building-a-strong-economy-for-the-future-canadas-2035-commitment-under-the-paris-agreement.html" } ] }, { "record_id": "sg-carbon-tax", "jurisdiction": "Singapore", "iso3": "SGP", "country": "SGP", "instrument_type": "Carbon tax", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2019-01-01", "legal_reference": "Carbon Pricing Act 2018", "coverage": "Facilities emitting at least 25,000 tCO2e a year; about 50 facilities and around 70% of national GHG emissions", "summary": "Singapore introduced a carbon tax on 1 January 2019 under the Carbon Pricing Act, the first carbon pricing scheme in Southeast Asia. The rate rose to S$45 per tonne from 1 January 2026 for 2026 and 2027, with a stated aim of S$50–80 per tonne by 2030.", "what_to_watch": "The rate path toward S$50–80 per tonne by 2030, and the treatment of international carbon credits and transition allowances in later rate periods.", "source_name": "National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS), Singapore", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/sg-carbon-tax/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2017-02", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Budget 2017 announces a carbon tax on large emitters from 2019", "source_url": "https://www.mse.gov.sg/latest-news/newsletter-2018-as-singapore-year-of-climate-action/" }, { "date": "2018-03-20", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Parliament passes the Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (assented 11 April 2018)", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Acts-Supp/23-2018/" }, { "date": "2019-01-01", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Carbon tax takes effect at S$5 per tonne", "source_url": "https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Acts-Supp/23-2018/" }, { "date": "2022-11-08", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Parliament passes Carbon Pricing Act amendments for higher rates", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax" }, { "date": "2024-01-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Rate rises to S$25 per tonne; international credits allowed for up to 5%", "source_url": "https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax" }, { "date": "2026-01-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Rate rises to S$45 per tonne for 2026 and 2027", "source_url": "https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/carbontax/" } ] }, { "record_id": "za-carbon-tax", "jurisdiction": "South Africa", "iso3": "ZAF", "country": "South Africa", "instrument_type": "Carbon tax", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2019-06-01", "legal_reference": "Carbon Tax Act, 2019", "coverage": "Headline rate R308/tCO2e from 1 Jan 2026; carbon fuel levy on petrol and diesel", "summary": "South Africa's carbon tax took effect on 1 June 2019 under the Carbon Tax Act and is administered by the South African Revenue Service. The headline rate rose from R236 to R308 per tonne of CO2e on 1 January 2026, and the carbon fuel levy increased to 19c/litre for petrol and 23c/litre for diesel from 1 April 2026.", "what_to_watch": "Rate adjustments in future budgets, the treatment of tax-free allowances, and how the tax operates alongside the company carbon budgets provided for in the Climate Change Act 22 of 2024.", "source_name": "National Treasury, Republic of South Africa — 2026 Budget Review, Chapter 4", "source_url": "https://www.treasury.gov.za/documents/National%20Budget/2026/review/Chapter%204.pdf", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Africa", "topics": [ "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/za-carbon-tax/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2018-11-20", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Finance Minister tables the Carbon Tax Bill in Parliament", "source_url": "https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/treasury-tables-carbon-tax-bill-parliament-21-nov-2018" }, { "date": "2019-05-22", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Carbon Tax Act 15 of 2019 assented to; gazetted 23 May 2019", "source_url": "https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201905/4248323-5act15of2019carbontaxact.pdf" }, { "date": "2019-06-01", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Carbon tax takes effect, administered by SARS", "source_url": "https://www.sars.gov.za/customs-and-excise/excise/environmental-levy-products/carbon-tax/" }, { "date": "2026-01-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Headline rate rises from R236 to R308 per tonne CO2e", "source_url": "https://www.treasury.gov.za/documents/National%20Budget/2026/review/Chapter%204.pdf" } ] }, { "record_id": "cn-national-ets", "jurisdiction": "China", "iso3": "CHN", "country": "China", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2021-07-16", "legal_reference": "Interim Regulations on the Administration of Carbon Emission Trading (State Council Order No. 775, in force 1 May 2024); Measures for the Administration of Carbon Emission Trading (Trial) (2021)", "coverage": "Power, steel, cement and aluminium smelting; more than 3,300 companies; around 8 billion tCO2, over 60% of national CO2 emissions", "summary": "China's national ETS began trading on 16 July 2021 with the power sector and now regulates more than 3,300 companies in power, steel, cement and aluminium. It operates under State Council Interim Regulations in force since 1 May 2024 and allocates allowances on an output basis rather than under an absolute cap.", "what_to_watch": "Guidelines issued on 25 August 2025 by the General Offices of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council aim for the national ETS to cover all major industrial emitters by 2027, to start moving sectors with stable emissions to absolute caps from 2027, and to operate a cap-and-trade system combining free allocation and auctioning by 2030.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/china-national-ets", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/cn-national-ets/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2020-12-31", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Ministry of Ecology and Environment issues trial ETS measures, effective 1 February 2021", "source_url": "https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk02/202101/t20210105_816131.html" }, { "date": "2021-07-16", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "National ETS trading opens on the Shanghai exchange with over 2,200 power companies", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/china-national-ets-commences-trading" }, { "date": "2024-05-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "State Council Interim Regulations on carbon emission trading take effect (Order No. 775)", "source_url": "https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202402/content_6930137.htm" }, { "date": "2025-03-20", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Work plan adds cement, steel and aluminium to the national ETS", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/china-officially-expands-national-ets-cement-steel-and-aluminum-sectors" }, { "date": "2025-08-25", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Central guidelines set path to absolute caps from 2027 and auctioning by 2030", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/china-issues-landmark-guidelines-transition-absolute-cap-and-expand-scope-national-ets" } ] }, { "record_id": "ke-carbon-markets", "jurisdiction": "Kenya", "iso3": "KEN", "country": "Kenya", "instrument_type": "Crediting mechanism", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2023-09-15", "legal_reference": "Climate Change Act (Cap. 387A; No. 11 of 2016), Part IVA inserted by the Climate Change (Amendment) Act, 2023 (Act No. 9 of 2023); Climate Change (Carbon Markets) Regulations, 2024", "coverage": "Carbon-market projects and transactions: bilateral or multilateral agreements, trades with private entities and voluntary markets", "summary": "Kenya's Climate Change (Amendment) Act, 2023 inserted a Part IVA on the regulation of carbon markets into the Climate Change Act, effective 15 September 2023. It governs participation in carbon markets, requires environmental and social impact assessment and benefit sharing for carbon projects, and establishes a carbon registry; detailed regulations followed in May 2024.", "what_to_watch": "Authorisations under bilateral Article 6 agreements, the operation of the national carbon registry, and the application of benefit-sharing rules to carbon projects.", "source_name": "Kenya Law — Climate Change Act, Cap. 387A, consolidated as at 15 September 2023 (FAOLEX copy)", "source_url": "https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ken160982.pdf", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Africa", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Climate Law" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/ke-carbon-markets/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2016-05-06", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Climate Change Act assented to; commenced 27 May 2016", "source_url": "https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ken160982.pdf" }, { "date": "2023-09-15", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Climate Change (Amendment) Act 2023 adds carbon market rules to the Act", "source_url": "https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ken160982.pdf" }, { "date": "2024-05-17", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Climate Change (Carbon Markets) Regulations 2024 published and in force", "source_url": "https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/ln/2024/84/eng@2024-06-07" } ] }, { "record_id": "uk-climate-change-act", "jurisdiction": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "country": "United Kingdom", "instrument_type": "Net-zero / target law", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2019-06-27", "legal_reference": "Climate Change Act 2008 (c. 27), s. 1 as amended by the Climate Change Act 2008 (2050 Target Amendment) Order 2019 (S.I. 2019/1056); Carbon Budget Order 2026 (S.I. 2026/695)", "coverage": "Economy-wide (net UK carbon account)", "summary": "The Climate Change Act 2008 places a duty on the Secretary of State to ensure that the net UK carbon account for 2050 is at least 100% lower than the 1990 baseline, a net zero target in force since 27 June 2019. The Act's five-year carbon budgets now extend to 2042 after the Carbon Budget Order 2026 set the 2038–2042 budget at 535 MtCO2e.", "what_to_watch": "The policies the government sets out to meet the newly legislated 2038–2042 budget, and the independent progress assessments of the Climate Change Committee.", "source_name": "legislation.gov.uk (The National Archives)", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/section/1", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Europe", "topics": [ "Climate Law", "Net Zero" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/uk-climate-change-act/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2008-11-26", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Climate Change Act 2008 receives Royal Assent with an 80% cut target for 2050", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/introduction" }, { "date": "2019-06-26", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "2050 Target Amendment Order made, raising the target from 80% to 100%", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2019/1056/made" }, { "date": "2019-06-27", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Net zero 2050 target enters into force", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2019/1056/made" }, { "date": "2021-06-23", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Carbon Budget Order 2021 sets the 2033-2037 budget at 965 MtCO2e", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2021/750/made" }, { "date": "2026-06-25", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Carbon Budget Order 2026 sets the 2038-2042 budget at 535 MtCO2e", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2026/695/made" } ] }, { "record_id": "za-climate-change-act", "jurisdiction": "South Africa", "iso3": "ZAF", "country": "South Africa", "instrument_type": "Climate framework law", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2025-03-17", "legal_reference": "Climate Change Act 22 of 2024 (assented 18 July 2024; published 23 July 2024, GN 5050, Government Gazette 50966); commencement proclaimed 17 March 2025", "coverage": "Economy-wide; sectoral emissions targets and carbon budgets for significant emitters", "summary": "South Africa's Climate Change Act 22 of 2024 was assented to on 18 July 2024, published on 23 July 2024, and came into force on 17 March 2025, apart from provisions whose commencement was deferred. It provides a legal framework for the national climate response, including a national emissions trajectory, sectoral emissions targets and carbon budgets for significant emitters.", "what_to_watch": "Proclamation of the deferred provisions, including those on sectoral emissions targets, publication of the targets, and the allocation of carbon budgets to significant emitters.", "source_name": "South African Government (gov.za) — Minister's statement on proclamation, 17 March 2025", "source_url": "https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/minister-dion-george-announces-proclamation-and-implementation-climate-change", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Africa", "topics": [ "Climate Law" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/za-climate-change-act/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2021-10-11", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Notice of the Climate Change Bill's introduction published in Government Gazette 45299", "source_url": "https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Bills/2022/B9_2022_Climate_Change_Bill/B9_2022_Climate_Change_Bill.pdf" }, { "date": "2024-07-18", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "President assents to the Climate Change Act 22 of 2024; gazetted 23 July 2024", "source_url": "https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202407/50966climatechangeact222024.pdf" }, { "date": "2025-03-17", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Commencement proclaimed; several sections deferred pending implementing regulations", "source_url": "https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/minister-dion-george-announces-proclamation-and-implementation-climate-change" } ] }, { "record_id": "ng-climate-change-act", "jurisdiction": "Nigeria", "iso3": "NGA", "country": "Nigeria", "instrument_type": "Climate framework law", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2021-11", "legal_reference": "Climate Change Act, 2021", "coverage": "Economy-wide; emission-reduction duties for private entities with 50 or more employees", "summary": "Nigeria's Climate Change Act, signed in November 2021, sets an objective of net zero emissions between 2050 and 2070 and requires a National Climate Change Action Plan and five-year carbon budgets. It created the National Council on Climate Change, established in 2022, which oversees implementation and a Climate Change Fund.", "what_to_watch": "Approval and publication of the five-year carbon budget and action plan, and the development of domestic carbon pricing instruments under the 2025 policy.", "source_name": "Grantham Research Institute — Climate Change Laws of the World", "source_url": "https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Africa", "topics": [ "Climate Law", "Net Zero" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/ng-climate-change-act/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2021-11", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Climate Change Act signed into law by President Buhari", "source_url": "https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7" }, { "date": "2022", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "National Council on Climate Change established under the Act", "source_url": "https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Nigeria%20BTR1%20.pdf" }, { "date": "2025", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Nigerian Carbon Market Activation Policy issued under the Act's framework", "source_url": "https://climate-laws.org/document/nigerian-carbon-market-activation-policy_8904" } ] }, { "record_id": "ch-co2-levy", "jurisdiction": "Switzerland", "iso3": "CHE", "country": "Switzerland", "instrument_type": "Carbon tax", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2008", "legal_reference": "Federal Act on the Reduction of CO2 Emissions (CO2 Act) and CO2 Ordinance; revised CO2 Act in force 1 January 2025", "coverage": "Fossil thermal fuels (heating oil, natural gas, coal, petroleum coke); not motor fuels", "summary": "Switzerland has raised a CO2 levy on fossil thermal fuels such as heating oil and natural gas since 2008, currently CHF 120 per tonne of CO2. Two thirds of the revenue is returned to the population and businesses and one third funds building and technology programmes.", "what_to_watch": "Implementation of the revised CO2 Act, including exemption arrangements for companies and the use of levy revenue.", "source_name": "Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN/BAFU)", "source_url": "https://www.bafu.admin.ch/en/co2-levy", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Europe", "topics": [ "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/ch-co2-levy/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "1999-10-08", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "First federal CO2 Act adopted", "source_url": "https://www.newsd.admin.ch/newsd/message/attachments/16957.pdf" }, { "date": "2008", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "CO2 levy on fossil thermal fuels first levied", "source_url": "https://www.bafu.admin.ch/de/co2-abgabe-private" }, { "date": "2011-12-23", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Totally revised CO2 Act adopted, retaining the levy", "source_url": "https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/swi203397.pdf" }, { "date": "2022-01-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Levy rate rises to CHF 120 per tonne of CO2", "source_url": "https://www.bazg.admin.ch/en/co2-levy-reduction-emissions" }, { "date": "2024-03-15", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Parliament agrees revised CO2 Act for 2025-2030", "source_url": "https://climate-laws.org/document/co2-act_9e7c" }, { "date": "2025-01-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Revised CO2 Act with targets and measures to 2030 enters into force", "source_url": "https://www.bafu.admin.ch/de/klimaziel-2030" } ] }, { "record_id": "th-climate-change-act", "jurisdiction": "Thailand", "iso3": "THA", "country": "Thailand", "instrument_type": "Climate framework law", "legal_stage": "Proposed / announced", "stage_date": "2025-12-02", "legal_reference": "Draft Climate Change Act (Cabinet approval in principle, 2 Dec 2025)", "coverage": "", "summary": "Thailand's Cabinet approved the country's first draft Climate Change Act on 2 December 2025, a bill of 205 sections in 14 chapters. The draft provides for an emissions trading system, a carbon tax, carbon credits and a Climate Fund; it remained under review in 2026 and is not yet law.", "what_to_watch": "Submission to Parliament, passage and publication in the Royal Gazette. ICAP reports that enforcement is anticipated in 2027, with data collection in 2027–2028 and a pilot ETS potentially launching in 2029; Thailand has run a voluntary ETS (Thailand V-ETS) since 2013.", "source_name": "Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), Thailand", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/14324/", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "planned", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Carbon Pricing", "Climate Law" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/th-climate-change-act/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2024-02-23", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Climate change department opens first public hearing on the draft Climate Change Act", "source_url": "https://www.isranews.org/article/isranews-news/133252-gov-draft-Climate-Change-law-news-new.html" }, { "date": "2024-11-08", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Second public hearing opens on the revised draft", "source_url": "https://www.isranews.org/article/isranews-news/133252-gov-draft-Climate-Change-law-news-new.html" }, { "date": "2025-12-02", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Cabinet approves the draft Climate Change Act in principle", "source_url": "https://www.dcce.go.th/14324/" }, { "date": "2026-03-10", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Third public hearing opens on the national law portal, running to 9 April 2026", "source_url": "https://policywatch.thaipbs.or.th/article/environment-175" } ] }, { "record_id": "id-ets", "jurisdiction": "Indonesia", "iso3": "IDN", "country": "Indonesia", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2023-02-22", "legal_reference": "Presidential Regulation No. 110 of 2025 on the Economic Value of Carbon and National GHG Emission Control (10 Oct 2025); Presidential Regulation No. 98 of 2021; MEMR Regulation No. 16 of 2022", "coverage": "Power generation: 563 installations in 2025, including captive coal plants and gas-fired generation", "summary": "Indonesia launched a mandatory, intensity-based ETS for coal-fired power plants on 22 February 2023. Presidential Regulation No. 110/2025 set a new national carbon pricing framework in October 2025; the 2025 allocation was postponed and no allowances had been issued or traded as of January 2026, while reporting obligations continued.", "what_to_watch": "Implementing regulations under Presidential Regulation No. 110/2025, resumption of allocation for Phase 2, and the operation of the carbon levy backstop.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/indonesia", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/id-ets/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2021-10", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Presidential Regulation No. 98/2021 on the economic value of carbon signed", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/indonesia-establishes-legal-framework-domestic-emissions-trading-system" }, { "date": "2022-12", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Energy ministry Regulation 16/2022 sets rules for power-sector carbon trading", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/indonesia-launches-emissions-trading-system-power-generation-sector" }, { "date": "2023-02-22", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Mandatory intensity-based ETS for coal-fired power plants launched", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/indonesia-launches-emissions-trading-system-power-generation-sector" }, { "date": "2023-09", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Indonesian Carbon Exchange (IDXCarbon) launched under OJK supervision", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/indonesian-economic-value-carbon-nilai-ekonomi-karbon-trading-scheme" }, { "date": "2025-10-10", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Presidential Regulation No. 110/2025 sets a new national carbon pricing framework", "source_url": "https://jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id/perpres-no-110-tahun-2025" } ] }, { "record_id": "ae-climate-law", "jurisdiction": "United Arab Emirates", "iso3": "ARE", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "instrument_type": "Climate framework law", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2025-05-30", "legal_reference": "Federal Decree-Law No. (11) of 2024 on the Reduction of Climate Change Effects (issued 28 Aug 2024)", "coverage": "Public and private entities whose activities emit greenhouse gases, including in free zones", "summary": "The UAE's Federal Decree-Law No. 11 of 2024 on the Reduction of Climate Change Effects entered into force on 30 May 2025. It requires public and private entities, including those in free zones, to measure, report and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and keep records for at least five years, and provides for a National Carbon Credit Registry and fines of AED 50,000 to AED 2 million.", "what_to_watch": "Implementing resolutions and MOCCAE reporting methodologies, the operation of the National Carbon Credit Registry, and Cabinet-set sectoral reduction targets.", "source_name": "Grantham Research Institute — Climate Change Laws of the World", "source_url": "https://climate-laws.org/document/federal-decree-law-no-11-of-2024-on-the-reduction-of-climate-change-effects_9c00", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Middle East & Central Asia", "topics": [ "Climate Law", "MRV & Transparency" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/ae-climate-law/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2024-08-28", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Federal Decree-Law No. 11 of 2024 on the Reduction of Climate Change Effects issued", "source_url": "https://www.bdo.ae/en-gb/news/news/announcing-the-federal-decree-law-no-(11)-of-2024-on-the-reduction-of-climate-change-effects" }, { "date": "2025-05-30", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Decree-law enters into force", "source_url": "https://climate-laws.org/document/federal-decree-law-no-11-of-2024-on-the-reduction-of-climate-change-effects_9c00" }, { "date": "2026-05-30", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Compliance deadline for in-scope entities, as reported by advisers", "source_url": "https://www.bdo.ae/en-gb/insights/uae-climate-change-law-compliance-practical-requirements-for-businesses-2025%E2%80%932026" } ] }, { "record_id": "ca-obps", "jurisdiction": "Canada", "iso3": "CAN", "country": "Canada", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2019", "legal_reference": "Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act; Output-Based Pricing System Regulations (SOR/2019-266); Making Life More Affordable for Canadians Act (Bill C-4, Royal Assent 12 Mar 2026)", "coverage": "Industrial facilities emitting 50,000 tCO2e or more a year (opt-in from 10,000); applied in Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, Yukon and Nunavut as of 2025", "summary": "Canada's federal OBPS is the industrial carbon pricing system under the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, applying where provinces and territories do not run their own systems. The consumer fuel charge was set to zero on 1 April 2025 and was removed from federal legislation by Bill C-4 (Royal Assent 12 March 2026), leaving industrial pricing as the federal backstop.", "what_to_watch": "The updated federal benchmark that the government said it would publish later in 2026, consultation on amendments to the OBPS Regulations, and the Canada–Alberta implementation agreement of 15 May 2026, which recognises Alberta's TIER price trajectory as matching the federal one.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/canada-federal-output-based-pricing-system", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Americas", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/ca-obps/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2018-06-21", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act receives Royal Assent", "source_url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/G-11.55/page-1.html" }, { "date": "2019", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Federal Output-Based Pricing System begins applying to large industrial emitters", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/canada-federal-output-based-pricing-system" }, { "date": "2019-06-28", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Output-Based Pricing System Regulations registered (SOR/2019-266)", "source_url": "https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2019-266/page-1.html" }, { "date": "2025-04-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Federal fuel charge set to zero; OBPS becomes the only federal backstop", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/canada-federal-output-based-pricing-system" }, { "date": "2026-03-12", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Bill C-4 receives Royal Assent, removing the consumer fuel charge from law", "source_url": "https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/news/2026/03/legislation-to-make-life-more-affordable-receives-royal-assent.html" }, { "date": "2026-05-19", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "New industrial carbon price path published: CAD 95 in 2026 to CAD 140 by 2040", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/canada-publishes-new-carbon-price-trajectory" } ] }, { "record_id": "kr-carbon-neutrality-act", "jurisdiction": "Republic of Korea", "iso3": "KOR", "country": "Republic of Korea", "instrument_type": "Net-zero / target law", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2022-03-25", "legal_reference": "Act No. 18469 (24 Sep 2021), amended by Act No. 20514 (22 Oct 2024); amendment passed 26 Aug 2026 (promulgated 8 Sep 2026)", "coverage": "Economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions", "summary": "Korea's Carbon Neutrality Act sets carbon neutrality by 2050 as the national vision and a 2030 target of at least 35% below 2018 levels. After a 2024 Constitutional Court ruling that the Act lacked targets for 2031–2049, the National Assembly passed an amendment on 26 August 2026 setting reduction ranges for 2035, 2040 and 2045.", "what_to_watch": "Subordinate regulations implementing the amendment, passed together with a new Climate Adaptation Act, and the fixing of specific values within the 2040 and 2045 ranges, reported to be due by 30 June 2031 and 30 June 2036 respectively.", "source_name": "Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment, Republic of Korea (press release, 26 Aug 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.mcee.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do?pagerOffset=0&maxPageItems=10&maxIndexPages=10&menuId=10598&boardId=1886480&boardMasterId=939", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Climate Law", "Net Zero" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/kr-carbon-neutrality-act/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2021-09-24", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Carbon Neutrality Framework Act enacted as Act No. 18469", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/LSW//lsSideInfoP.do?lsNm=%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0+%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%91%EC%9D%84+%EC%9C%84%ED%95%9C+%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C%EC%A4%91%EB%A6%BD%E3%86%8D%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%A5+%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B2%95&ancYd=20210924&chrClsCd=010202&urlMode=lsRvsDocInfoR&ancNo=18469" }, { "date": "2022-03-25", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Carbon Neutrality Act enters into force", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/LSW//lsSideInfoP.do?lsNm=%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0+%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%91%EC%9D%84+%EC%9C%84%ED%95%9C+%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C%EC%A4%91%EB%A6%BD%E3%86%8D%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%A5+%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B2%95&ancYd=20210924&chrClsCd=010202&urlMode=lsRvsDocInfoR&ancNo=18469" }, { "date": "2024-08-29", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Constitutional Court rules the 2030 target article unconstitutional; amendment ordered by February 2026", "source_url": "https://www.climatecasechart.com/document/do-hyun-kim-et-al-v-south-korea_2dd5" }, { "date": "2026-08-26", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "National Assembly passes amendment setting 2035, 2040 and 2045 reduction ranges", "source_url": "https://www.mcee.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do?pagerOffset=0&maxPageItems=10&maxIndexPages=10&menuId=10598&boardId=1886480&boardMasterId=939" }, { "date": "2026-09-08", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Target amendment promulgated", "source_url": "https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/html/role-youth-climate-litigation-republic-korea" } ] }, { "record_id": "cl-framework-law", "jurisdiction": "Chile", "iso3": "CHL", "country": "Chile", "instrument_type": "Climate framework law", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2022-06-13", "legal_reference": "Law No. 21,455, Ley Marco de Cambio Climático (promulgated 30 May 2022; published 13 June 2022)", "coverage": "Economy-wide; national and sectoral emission budgets", "summary": "Chile's Framework Law on Climate Change, published on 13 June 2022, makes greenhouse gas emissions neutrality by 2050 at the latest a legal goal, evaluated every five years by the Ministry of the Environment. It provides for national and sectoral emission budgets through the Long-Term Climate Strategy and requires sectoral mitigation and adaptation plans.", "what_to_watch": "Updates of the Long-Term Climate Strategy that assign budgets for later periods, adoption and review of sectoral plans and implementing regulations, and the five-yearly evaluation of the neutrality goal.", "source_name": "Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile — official text of Law No. 21,455 (digitally signed copy)", "source_url": "https://www.subturismo.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ley-21455-ley-marco-cambio-climatico-foledado.pdf", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Americas", "topics": [ "Climate Law", "Net Zero" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/cl-framework-law/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2020-01", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Government submits the Framework Law on Climate Change bill to Congress", "source_url": "https://mma.gob.cl/gobierno-presenta-proyecto-de-ley-de-cambio-climatico-que-permitira-disminuir-impactos-negativos-de-este-fenomeno-en-chile/" }, { "date": "2022-03-09", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Congress completes passage of the bill", "source_url": "https://organizacionessociales.gob.cl/gobierno-promulgo-ley-marco-de-cambio-climatico-en-el-dia-mundial-del-medio-ambiente/" }, { "date": "2022-05-30", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Law No. 21,455 promulgated", "source_url": "https://www.subturismo.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ley-21455-ley-marco-cambio-climatico-foledado.pdf" }, { "date": "2022-06-13", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Law published in the Diario Oficial and takes effect", "source_url": "https://mma.gob.cl/ministerio-del-medio-ambiente-publica-la-ley-marco-de-cambio-climatico-en-el-diario-oficial/" } ] }, { "record_id": "in-ccts", "jurisdiction": "India", "iso3": "IND", "country": "India", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2025-10-08", "legal_reference": "Energy Conservation Act, 2001 (amended 2022); Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023 (S.O. 2825(E), 28 June 2023); Greenhouse Gases Emission Intensity Target Rules, 2025 (under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986)", "coverage": "About 490 obligated entities in aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali, pulp and paper, petroleum refining, petrochemicals and textiles", "summary": "India's CCTS is an intensity-based baseline-and-credit compliance scheme established under the amended Energy Conservation Act. Legally binding greenhouse gas emission intensity targets were notified for four sectors on 8 October 2025 and for three more on 16 January 2026, covering about 490 entities for the 2025–26 and 2026–27 compliance years.", "what_to_watch": "The launch of Carbon Credit Certificate trading on power exchanges, which ICAP reported as expected by mid-2026 (not confirmed on an official source at the time of verification), notification of targets for the remaining sectors, and the first compliance cycle for 2025–26.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/indian-carbon-credit-trading-scheme", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/in-ccts/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2022-12-19", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act 2022 receives President's assent, enabling carbon credit trading", "source_url": "https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2022/The%20Energy%20Conservation%20(Amendment)%20Act,%202022.pdf" }, { "date": "2023-06-28", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023 notified (S.O. 2825(E))", "source_url": "https://ccc-consultants.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Ministry-of-Environment-Notification-GEI-Targets-CCTS_targets_2025_1745301648_.pdf" }, { "date": "2024-07", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Detailed procedure for the CCTS compliance mechanism adopted", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/indian-carbon-credit-trading-scheme" }, { "date": "2025-04-16", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Draft emission intensity target rules published for four sectors", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/india-notifies-emission-intensity-targets-nine-sectors-under-carbon-credit-trading-scheme" }, { "date": "2025-10-08", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Binding emission intensity targets notified for aluminium, cement, chlor-alkali, pulp and paper", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/india-notifies-emission-intensity-targets-nine-sectors-under-carbon-credit-trading-scheme" }, { "date": "2026-01-16", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Targets notified for petroleum refining, petrochemicals and textiles", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/india-notifies-emission-intensity-targets-nine-sectors-under-carbon-credit-trading-scheme" } ] }, { "record_id": "jp-gx-ets", "jurisdiction": "Japan", "iso3": "JPN", "country": "Japan", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2026-04-01", "legal_reference": "Act on the Promotion of a Smooth Transition to a Decarbonized Growth-Oriented Economic Structure (GX Promotion Act, Act No. 32 of 2023), as amended by Act No. 52 of 2025 (promulgated 4 June 2025)", "coverage": "Companies with average direct CO2 emissions of at least 100,000 t a year over FY2023–2025 (about 300–400 entities)", "summary": "Japan's GX-ETS moved from a voluntary phase (FY2023–FY2025) to a mandatory phase on 1 April 2026 under the amended GX Promotion Act. Companies with average annual direct CO2 emissions of 100,000 tonnes or more must surrender allowances corresponding to their actual emissions.", "what_to_watch": "Publication of baselines and allocation rules, the first compliance cycle for FY2026 emissions, a GX surcharge on fossil fuels scheduled from FY2028, and auctioning of allowances for high-emitting power companies from FY2033.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/japan-transitions-its-gx-ets-mandatory-phase", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/jp-gx-ets/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2023", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Voluntary GX-ETS phase begins (FY2023 to FY2025)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/japan-gx-ets" }, { "date": "2023-05-19", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "GX Promotion Act promulgated (Act No. 32 of 2023)", "source_url": "https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/housei/21120230519032.htm" }, { "date": "2025-02-25", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Cabinet bill to make the GX-ETS mandatory submitted to the Diet", "source_url": "https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_gian.nsf/html/gian/keika/1DDE5C6.htm" }, { "date": "2025-05-28", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Diet passes GX Promotion Act amendment; promulgated 4 June 2025 as Act No. 52", "source_url": "https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_gian.nsf/html/gian/keika/1DDE5C6.htm" }, { "date": "2026-04-01", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Mandatory GX-ETS phase begins for emitters of 100,000 tCO2 or more", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/japan-transitions-its-gx-ets-mandatory-phase" } ] }, { "record_id": "kz-ets", "jurisdiction": "Kazakhstan", "iso3": "KAZ", "country": "Kazakhstan", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2013-01", "legal_reference": "Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2021); Rules for GHG Emissions Trading (2021); Rules of State Regulation of GHG Emissions and Absorption (2022)", "coverage": "229 installations in power, centralised heating, extractive industries and manufacturing; around half of national CO2 emissions (2024)", "summary": "Kazakhstan launched its ETS in January 2013; it operates under the 2021 Environmental Code and covers 229 installations accounting for around half of national CO2 emissions. A draft allocation plan for 2026–2030 was published in October 2025, and a carbon budget for 2026–2030 was reported as approved by ministerial order on 19 March 2026.", "what_to_watch": "Final adoption of the Phase 6 national allocation plan, the introduction of auctioning, and installation-level allocations within the 2026–2030 carbon budget.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/kazakhstan-emissions-trading-system", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Middle East & Central Asia", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/kz-ets/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2011", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Amendments to environmental legislation lay the legal groundwork for an ETS", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/kazakhstan-emissions-trading-system" }, { "date": "2013-01", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Kazakhstan Emissions Trading System launches", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/kazakhstan-emissions-trading-system" }, { "date": "2016", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "System suspended for 2016-2017 to reform allocation rules; reporting continues", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/kazakhstan-emissions-trading-system" }, { "date": "2018", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Trading resumes with Phase 3 (2018-2020), adding building-materials producers", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/kazakhstan-emissions-trading-system" }, { "date": "2021", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "New Environmental Code becomes the ETS legal framework", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/kazakhstan-emissions-trading-system" }, { "date": "2026-03-19", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Ministerial order approves the 2026-2030 carbon budget", "source_url": "https://www.zakon.kz/pravo/6512699-uglerodnyy-byudzhet-do-2030-goda-utverzhden-v-kazakhstane.html" } ] }, { "record_id": "kr-ets", "jurisdiction": "Republic of Korea", "iso3": "KOR", "country": "Republic of Korea", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2015", "legal_reference": "Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowances and its Enforcement Decree", "coverage": "813 entities in power, industry, buildings, waste, transport, domestic aviation and maritime; 77.75% of national GHG emissions (2023)", "summary": "The K-ETS launched in 2015 as East Asia's first nationwide mandatory ETS and covers 813 of Korea's largest emitters. Its fourth phase began in 2026 under an allocation plan approved in November 2025 that sets a cap of 2.5 billion tCO2e for 2026–2030, introduces a market stability reserve and raises the share of auctioned allowances.", "what_to_watch": "The operation of the K-MSR and the higher auction share during Phase 4, and annual allocation decisions within the Phase 4 cap.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/korea-emissions-trading-scheme", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/kr-ets/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2012-05-14", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Act on the Allocation and Trading of GHG Emission Permits enacted (Act No. 11419)", "source_url": "https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=125344&viewCls=lsRvsDocInfoR" }, { "date": "2015", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "K-ETS launches; Phase 1 runs 2015 to 2017", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/korea-emissions-trading-system-k-ets" }, { "date": "2021", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Phase 3 begins, extending coverage to more transport and construction", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/korea-emissions-trading-system-k-ets" }, { "date": "2025-11", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Phase 4 allocation plan approved: 2.5 billion tCO2e cap for 2026-2030", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/korea-emissions-trading-system-k-ets" } ] }, { "record_id": "mx-ets", "jurisdiction": "Mexico", "iso3": "MEX", "country": "Mexico", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In rulemaking", "stage_date": "2020-01-01", "legal_reference": "General Law on Climate Change; Agreement establishing the preliminary bases of the ETS Pilot Program (Diario Oficial de la Federación)", "coverage": "Direct CO2 from fixed sources in energy and industry emitting at least 100,000 tCO2 a year; about 30% of national GHG emissions", "summary": "Mexico's ETS began a pilot program in January 2020 with free allocation and no monetary sanctions. Rules for the operational phase have not been published, so the pilot rules remain in force; the environment ministry (Semarnat) said in September 2026 that it would issue definitive rules by early 2027.", "what_to_watch": "Publication of the definitive operational-phase rules. In September 2026 Semarnat's Director General of Climate Action Policies said the rules would be issued by early 2027, introducing economically enforceable obligations, allowance auctions and stronger monitoring.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/mexico", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "adopted", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Americas", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/mx-ets/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2012-06-06", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "General Law on Climate Change published; in force 10 October 2012", "source_url": "https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5573934&fecha=01/10/2019" }, { "date": "2018-07-13", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Climate law reform published, providing for an ETS preceded by a 36-month pilot", "source_url": "https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5573934&fecha=01/10/2019" }, { "date": "2019-10-01", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Agreement setting the preliminary bases of the ETS pilot program published", "source_url": "https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5573934&fecha=01/10/2019" }, { "date": "2020-01-01", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Pilot program starts without economic effects; its rules stay in force pending operational rules", "source_url": "https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5573934&fecha=01/10/2019" } ] }, { "record_id": "tn-carbon-pricing", "jurisdiction": "Tunisia", "iso3": "TUN", "country": "Tunisia", "instrument_type": "Other", "legal_stage": "No binding instrument", "stage_date": "", "legal_reference": "", "coverage": "", "summary": "Tunisia has no carbon tax or emissions trading system in operation. The national energy conservation agency (ANME) states that Tunisia plans to establish the conditions to initiate a carbon pricing programme, and in 2025 the tax policy directorate sought technical assistance for a feasibility study on gradually introducing a carbon tax.", "what_to_watch": "Whether a carbon tax proposal emerges from the DGELF feasibility work in a future finance law. A tabled bill or finance-law article would move this record to the 'proposed' stage.", "source_name": "Agence Nationale pour la Maîtrise de l'Énergie (ANME)", "source_url": "https://www.anme.tn/en/content/carbon-pricing", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Africa", "topics": [ "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/tn-carbon-pricing/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2025-09", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Third NDC submitted, stating carbon pricing will drive its targets", "source_url": "https://climatepromise.undp.org/what-we-do/where-we-work/tunisia" } ] }, { "record_id": "co-carbon-tax", "jurisdiction": "Colombia", "iso3": "COL", "country": "Colombia", "instrument_type": "Carbon tax", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2016-12-29", "legal_reference": "Law 1819 of 2016, arts. 221–223 (art. 221 amended by Law 2277 of 2022, art. 47); Decree 926 of 2017; DIAN Resolution 000003 of 2026", "coverage": "Carbon content of fossil fuels used for combustion (petroleum derivatives and fossil gas; coal being phased in)", "summary": "Colombia's national carbon tax, created by Law 1819 of 2016, is levied on the carbon content of fossil fuels used for combustion. From 1 February 2026 the rate is COP 29,070.49 per tonne of CO2e, and taxpayers that certify carbon neutrality are not liable.", "what_to_watch": "Decree 0969 of 4 August 2026 formalised a national tradable emission allowance programme (PNCTE) with a pilot from January 2027 to December 2029 and full operation from January 2030; the carbon tax rate is to serve as the floor price for allowance auctions. Sector coverage and thresholds for the programme have not yet been specified.", "source_name": "Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales (DIAN) — Resolución 000003 de 2026", "source_url": "https://normograma.dian.gov.co/dian/compilacion/docs/resolucion_dian_0003_2026.htm", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Americas", "topics": [ "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/co-carbon-tax/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2016-12-29", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Law 1819 of 2016 creates the national carbon tax, in force on promulgation", "source_url": "https://normograma.dian.gov.co/dian/compilacion/docs/ley_1819_2016.htm" }, { "date": "2017-06-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Decree 926 of 2017 regulates the carbon-neutrality exemption", "source_url": "https://normograma.dian.gov.co/dian/compilacion/docs/decreto_0926_2017.htm" }, { "date": "2022-12-13", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Law 2277 of 2022 amends the carbon tax articles", "source_url": "https://normograma.dian.gov.co/dian/compilacion/docs/ley_2277_2022.htm" }, { "date": "2026-01-30", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "DIAN sets the 2026 rate at COP 29,070.49 per tonne from 1 February", "source_url": "https://normograma.dian.gov.co/dian/compilacion/docs/resolucion_dian_0003_2026.htm" }, { "date": "2026-08-04", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Decree 0969 sets up a national emissions trading programme, piloting from 2027", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/colombia-formalizes-plans-emissions-trading-system-regulatory-decree" } ] }, { "record_id": "nz-ets", "jurisdiction": "New Zealand", "iso3": "NZL", "country": "New Zealand", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2008", "legal_reference": "Climate Change Response Act 2002 (as amended, including by the Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act 2019)", "coverage": "Forestry, stationary energy, industrial processing, liquid fossil fuels, waste and synthetic GHGs; roughly half of national GHG emissions", "summary": "The NZ ETS, launched in 2008 under the Climate Change Response Act 2002, prices roughly half of New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions and includes forestry. Agricultural reporting obligations were repealed in 2024, and all four government auctions in 2025 failed to clear because secondary market prices stayed below the floor price.", "what_to_watch": "2026 auction settings (reserve price NZD 71; first cost containment reserve trigger NZD 201) and changes announced in late 2025 to reduce compliance costs and to remove the requirement for unit supply settings to accord with the Nationally Determined Contribution.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/new-zealand-emissions-trading-scheme", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/nz-ets/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2008-09-25", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "ETS legislation receives Royal assent; forestry covered from 1 January 2008", "source_url": "https://www.taxtechnical.ird.govt.nz/new-legislation/act-articles/climate-change-response-emissions-trading-amendment-act-2008" }, { "date": "2010-07-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Stationary energy, industrial processes and liquid fossil fuels enter the scheme", "source_url": "https://ao.parliament.nz/2011/emissions-trading-scheme/docs/emissions-trading-scheme.pdf" }, { "date": "2020-06-16", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Parliament passes ETS reform introducing a cap on emissions", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/new-zealand-passes-legislation-finalizing-ets-reforms" }, { "date": "2021-03", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Government auctioning of emission units begins", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/new-zealand-emissions-trading-scheme" }, { "date": "2024", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Legislation bringing agriculture into the scheme repealed", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/new-zealand-emissions-trading-scheme" } ] }, { "record_id": "us-rggi", "jurisdiction": "RGGI participating states (United States)", "iso3": "USA", "country": "United States", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2009", "legal_reference": "2005 RGGI Memorandum of Understanding; RGGI Model Rule (2025 update effective 1 Jan 2027), implemented through state regulations", "coverage": "Fossil-fuel power plants of 25 MW or more in 11 states; 2026 regional cap 90,012,784 allowances", "summary": "RGGI, launched in 2009, was the first mandatory greenhouse gas ETS in the United States and covers fossil-fuel power plants in participating Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states. Virginia resumed participation on 1 July 2026, bringing participation to eleven states, after Pennsylvania formally ended its participation in November 2025.", "what_to_watch": "Adoption of the 2025 Model Rule in state regulations ahead of the 2027 cap, and Virginia's participation in regional auctions.", "source_name": "Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Inc.", "source_url": "https://www.rggi.org/program-overview-and-design/elements", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Americas", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/us-rggi/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2005-12-20", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Governors of seven states sign the RGGI Memorandum of Understanding", "source_url": "https://www.rggi.org/sites/default/files/Uploads/Design-Archive/MOU/MOU_12_20_05.pdf" }, { "date": "2006", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "RGGI Model Rule issued as the template for state regulations", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/usa-regional-greenhouse-gas-initiative-rggi" }, { "date": "2009", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "RGGI launches in ten states, the first mandatory US GHG trading program", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/usa-regional-greenhouse-gas-initiative-rggi" }, { "date": "2025-07", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Third Program Review sets a tighter cap from 2027 and ends new offsets", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/usa-regional-greenhouse-gas-initiative-rggi" }, { "date": "2026-07-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Virginia resumes participation, bringing RGGI to eleven states", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/virginia-rejoins-rggi" } ] }, { "record_id": "au-safeguard-mechanism", "jurisdiction": "Australia", "iso3": "AUS", "country": "Australia", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2023-07-01", "legal_reference": "National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007; National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (Safeguard Mechanism) Rule 2015; reforms legislated March 2023", "coverage": "Facilities with covered emissions above 100,000 tCO2e a year (219 entities in FY2024)", "summary": "The Safeguard Mechanism is Australia's principal policy for reducing emissions from its largest industrial facilities. Reforms that took effect in July 2023 introduced baselines declining by a default 4.9% a year to 2030 and tradable Safeguard Mechanism Credits for facilities that stay below their baselines.", "what_to_watch": "The review of the mechanism's policy settings by the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water in 2026–27.", "source_name": "Clean Energy Regulator (Australian Government)", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/au-safeguard-mechanism/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2016-07-01", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Safeguard Mechanism commences, capping large facilities' net emissions at baselines", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-mechanism-1-july-2023" }, { "date": "2022-11-30", "milestone": "proposed", "event": "Safeguard Mechanism (Crediting) Amendment Bill introduced in Parliament", "source_url": "https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r6957" }, { "date": "2023-04-11", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Safeguard Mechanism (Crediting) Amendment Act 2023 receives assent (passed 30 March)", "source_url": "https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r6957" }, { "date": "2023-07-01", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Reformed Safeguard Mechanism commences, with declining baselines and tradable credits", "source_url": "https://cer.gov.au/schemes/safeguard-mechanism/safeguard-mechanism-1-july-2023" }, { "date": "2025-02", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "First Safeguard Mechanism Credits issued", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/australian-safeguard-mechanism" } ] }, { "record_id": "ar-carbon-tax", "jurisdiction": "Argentina", "iso3": "ARG", "country": "Argentina", "instrument_type": "Carbon tax", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2018-03", "legal_reference": "Law No. 23,966, Title III (as substituted by Law No. 27,430 of 2017); Decree 501/2018", "coverage": "Fossil fuels listed in Law 23,966 art. 11, including fuel oil, mineral coal and petroleum coke", "summary": "Argentina's tax on carbon dioxide was introduced by the 2017 tax reform (Law No. 27,430) and has applied to fossil fuels since March 2018 alongside the tax on liquid fuels. The law keeps these fuel taxes in force until 31 December 2035.", "what_to_watch": "The annual inflation updates of the tax amounts and the executive decrees that set the applicable amounts, and any reform of fuel taxation ahead of the 2035 end date.", "source_name": "InfoLEG — Ministerio de Justicia, Argentina (Ley 23.966, texto actualizado)", "source_url": "https://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/0-4999/365/texact.htm", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Americas", "topics": [ "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/ar-carbon-tax/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2017-12-27", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Congress passes tax reform Law 27,430, creating the tax on carbon dioxide", "source_url": "https://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/verNorma.do?id=305262" }, { "date": "2018-03", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Carbon dioxide tax takes effect on fossil fuels", "source_url": "https://climate-laws.org/document/tax-reform-act-nr-27-430_0bed" }, { "date": "2018-05-31", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Decree 501/2018 regulates the liquid fuels and carbon dioxide taxes", "source_url": "https://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/verNorma.do?id=311009" } ] }, { "record_id": "uk-ets", "jurisdiction": "United Kingdom", "iso3": "GBR", "country": "United Kingdom", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2021-01", "legal_reference": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020 (S.I. 2020/1265), made under the Climate Change Act 2008; Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Auctioning Regulations 2021", "coverage": "Power, industry, aviation and, from 1 July 2026, domestic maritime; around a quarter of UK territorial GHG emissions", "summary": "The UK ETS has operated since January 2021 as a cap-and-trade system for power, industry and aviation. Domestic maritime emissions entered the scheme on 1 July 2026, and in December 2025 the UK ETS Authority announced a second phase running from 2031 to the end of 2040.", "what_to_watch": "Waste incineration and energy-from-waste facilities are planned to enter from 2028 after a monitoring-only period from 2026, and engineered greenhouse gas removals from 2029. The post-2030 cap trajectory for the second phase (2031–2040) is the next major design decision.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/uk-emissions-trading-scheme-uk-ets", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Europe", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/uk-ets/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2020-11-11", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020 made under the Climate Change Act 2008", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/1265/introduction/made" }, { "date": "2021-01", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "UK ETS begins operating for power, industry and aviation", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/uk-emissions-trading-scheme-uk-ets" }, { "date": "2023-07-03", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "UK ETS Authority response sets a net zero-aligned cap", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/developing-the-uk-emissions-trading-scheme-uk-ets" }, { "date": "2025-12", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "UK ETS Authority announces a second phase running from 2031 to 2040", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/uk-emissions-trading-scheme-uk-ets" }, { "date": "2026-07-01", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Domestic maritime emissions brought into the scheme", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/uk-ets-expands-domestic-maritime-and-updates-auction-reserve-price" } ] }, { "record_id": "vn-ets", "jurisdiction": "Viet Nam", "iso3": "VNM", "country": "Viet Nam", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2026-02-09", "legal_reference": "Law on Environmental Protection (2020); Decree 06/2022/ND-CP; Decree 119/2025/ND-CP; Decision 263/QD-TTg (9 Feb 2026); Decree 29/2026/ND-CP (19 Jan 2026)", "coverage": "110 facilities: 34 thermal power plants, 25 iron and steel facilities, 51 cement plants; about 40% of national emissions", "summary": "Viet Nam's national ETS is in a pilot phase covering 2025–2028, with free allocation to 110 thermal power, steel and cement facilities and compliance obligations applying from 2025. Allowance caps were approved by a Prime Minister's Decision in February 2026, and a domestic carbon exchange opened at the Hanoi Stock Exchange on 29 June 2026.", "what_to_watch": "The first surrender of allowances for 2025 emissions, trading activity on the exchange, and preparations for auctioning and wider coverage from 2029.", "source_name": "International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP)", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/vietnam", "source_type": "reference", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Asia-Pacific", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/vn-ets/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2020-11-17", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Law on Environmental Protection adopted, providing for a domestic carbon market", "source_url": "https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/VNM/2022/decree-no-06-2022-nd-cp-on-mitigation-of-green-house-gas-ghg-emissions-and-protection-of-ozone-layer_a726c0566a339f6cad30c592ac9d5424.pdf" }, { "date": "2022-01-07", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Decree 06/2022/ND-CP on GHG mitigation and carbon market development issued", "source_url": "https://cdn.climatepolicyradar.org/navigator/VNM/2022/decree-no-06-2022-nd-cp-on-mitigation-of-green-house-gas-ghg-emissions-and-protection-of-ozone-layer_a726c0566a339f6cad30c592ac9d5424.pdf" }, { "date": "2025-06-09", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Decree 119/2025/ND-CP sets ETS design; in force 1 August 2025", "source_url": "https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/vie212269.pdf" }, { "date": "2026-01-19", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Decree 29/2026/ND-CP sets rules for the domestic carbon exchange", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/vietnam-advances-its-emissions-trading-system-key-regulatory-developments-and-compliance" }, { "date": "2026-02-09", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Decision 263/QD-TTg approves 2025-2026 allowance caps for 110 facilities", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/vietnam-advances-its-emissions-trading-system-key-regulatory-developments-and-compliance" }, { "date": "2026-06-29", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Domestic carbon exchange launched at the Hanoi Stock Exchange", "source_url": "https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnams-domestic-carbon-exchange-launched-post347383.vnp" } ] }, { "record_id": "us-wa-cap-and-invest", "jurisdiction": "Washington (United States)", "iso3": "USA", "country": "United States", "instrument_type": "Emissions trading system", "legal_stage": "In force", "stage_date": "2023-01-01", "legal_reference": "Climate Commitment Act (2021), Chapter 70A.65 RCW (Greenhouse gas emissions — cap and invest program)", "coverage": "96 entities in mining, energy, industry, buildings and transport; around 70% of state emissions", "summary": "Washington's Cap-and-Invest Program, created by the 2021 Climate Commitment Act, began operating in January 2023 and covers around 70% of state emissions. Washington signed an agreement with California and Québec on 25 June 2026 to link their markets and completed its linkage rulemaking in September 2026; a linked market is expected in 2027.", "what_to_watch": "California and Québec's remaining steps — positive linkage findings by California's Governor and a CARB rulemaking; in Québec a rulemaking, approval of the agreement by the National Assembly and ratification — before the linked market begins, which the jurisdictions expect in 2027.", "source_name": "Washington State Department of Ecology", "source_url": "https://ecology.wa.gov/air-climate/climate-commitment-act/cap-and-invest/linkage", "source_type": "official", "btr_status": "implemented", "last_verified": "2026-10-04", "region": "Americas", "topics": [ "Carbon Markets", "Carbon Pricing" ], "url": "https://greendiplomat.com/ai-policy-radar/us-wa-cap-and-invest/", "legal_journey": [ { "date": "2021-05-17", "milestone": "enacted", "event": "Governor signs the Climate Commitment Act (SB 5126), with partial veto", "source_url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=5126&Year=2021&Initiative=false" }, { "date": "2022-09-29", "milestone": "rulemaking", "event": "Ecology adopts the cap-and-invest program rule (Chapter 173-446 WAC)", "source_url": "https://www.ecology.wa.gov/regulations-permits/laws-rules-rulemaking/closed-rulemaking/wac-173-446" }, { "date": "2023-01-01", "milestone": "in-force", "event": "Cap-and-invest program begins its first compliance period (2023-2026)", "source_url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=70A.65.070" }, { "date": "2026-06-25", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Washington, California and Quebec sign agreement to link their carbon markets", "source_url": "https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/washington-california-and-quebec-sign-agreement-link-carbon-markets" }, { "date": "2026-09", "milestone": "milestone", "event": "Ecology completes its linkage and program-update rulemaking", "source_url": "https://ecology.wa.gov/air-climate/climate-commitment-act/cap-and-invest/linkage" } ] } ] }